Wednesday, April 29, 2015

DSDN 481: Project 5

Participant Observation: ARISE Church


Part 1 ~ Notes on Participant Observation


ARISE church takes a much more modern approach to collective religious gatherings. This non-traditional experience involves a live band, catchy Christian pop songs, dancing, extravagant light shows and other special effects. The experience began the moment my informant (Matt Band) and I stepped over the threshold of the Michael Fowler Center (MFC). I was greeted by an excited young man giving out high fives. Stepping into a space full of smiling, cheerful young people felt more like the pre-show to a pop concert than the more somber church gatherings I was familiar with.


My informant told me that I had chosen a very special week to come to the service, as ARISE’s main band would be in Wellington for the middle stop-off of their New Zealand wide tour, as well as this week being a week that baptisms took place. I was told that the evening service we were going to was one of two that would be held that day, and that ours was the less populated and less formal of the two, as well as being more popular with younger people. My informant is heavily involved in the community of the church, so it meant that I got to meet a lot of strangers. It was fascinating seeing this  new-age take on an age-old tradition and the way it brought people together. The response to a new “member” was extremely positive, with a lot of people eager to introduce themselves to me. Despite myself introducing myself along with my lack of religious alignment and my intentions, people were still very receptive to my presence and curious about the implications of my cultural exploration. I did notice that my informant was behaving a little more reserved than I know him to be. This could possibly be due to the fact that religion isn’t an aspect of our friendship that we share. Resultantly he might have not been as free with his actions.


Handshaking, fist-bumping and hugs were dished out constantly from people I didn’t know while the constant hubbub of close to 600 people droned. The conversations turned to anticipation for the nights sermon as we entered the auditorium. The stage was decked out in a large luminescent cross and accompanying setup for a large band. Three projected screens dominated the overhead space, counting down a timer. Smiles and waving were ever present, and a large collective took up the space between the seats and the stage. As the timer reached its final seconds, the huge space went black, before erupting in light and sound, with the band entering with a thumping bassline. The projector screens leapt into action with telephoto footage of the band in action and overlaid lyrics. Before I knew it, I joined in clapping to the beat of the drum, despite not knowing the tune. The volume of the music was nigh-excessive, and the bass from the drum pulsed in my chest and against my skin. The colourful lights flicked back and forth across the jumping, chaotic audience, casting long shadows between the upturned faces of the crowd. Matt elaborated that the songs and singing were the primary avenue of worship, and formed the basis for a collective experience; one that a lot of the audience got very visibly engaged in. The entire sensory experience felt specifically designed, as if almost every facet of the service had been chosen to culminate in a highly suggestive environment. I found it slightly unsettling that the atmosphere was possibly being tailored to elicit such strong emotional responses.


The cultural importance of religion on an individual level makes sense, but seeing the way people outwardly show their emotions so readily in a semi-public space hinted at the power this kind of collective experience has at generating community. I’ve always thought of church as a very somber and boring experience as it was always something I dreaded going to. Angling religion towards younger people in this way seems to work well. That said, my predisposition against religion prevented me from committing to the experience and I kept my distance from what was being said with a degree of skepticism.


As the show settled, the smell of perfumes, sweat, and dry ice took over. The direction of the service was then carried by a youth pastor, animatedly talking about his experiences over the last week and relating them to passages and lessons from the bible. His readings and grandiose talk provoked affirmations and agreement from the audience. He then led the congregation into more songs while some of those present were taken into another room to fulfil their baptism. These were then displayed on the projected screens as a means of sharing their experiences with the rest of the audience. I found this strange, as I thought it seemed a very personal choice that you might not want to share with an auditorium of people. My informant explained that this was an outward display of devotion to God. The service was then closed off with more song and dance, after which everyone drifted out of the auditorium.

Part 2 ~ Questions on Participant Observation


1 ~ What understanding was gained from participation compared to just observing?
Participating in the service put me right into the heart of the action, giving me a fully rounded sensory experience. I was able to form connections with the people around me, watch their facial expressions, motions, and interactions up close and ask my informant specific questions about everything. Solely observing might have made me miss the intricacies of the audiences responses, which could have led to misinterpretations. I was able to develop empathy for the participants, as well as generate a formative understanding of the experience and its cultural significance.


2 ~ What did having a key informant add to your understanding?
I was able to get immediate responses explaining the service as well as a run down of the kind of things to expect in that environment. My informant provided an insider perspective, which I used as a mirror against which to hold my impressions and preconceptions. Matt gave me the opportunity to gain understanding of the importance and value that this community provided.


3 ~ What was learned from participant observation at this event that a questionnaire or interview about it might miss?
Gaining a unique personal sensory understanding of the experience would be impossible without physically being there, even if the interview or questionnaire included a sense question. Going into the service knowing little about it and participating revealed interesting facets. The questionnaire might fail to capture the conviction and emotion witnessed, while an interview might miss the dynamism that the presence of so many individuals brought.


4 ~ For what purposes might a questionnaire or interview be better than participant observation?
I might have been able to get a broader look at the collective personal experience of the audience and gather from a more diverse set of viewpoints. I could gather a broader, yet shallower perspective of the experience with a questionnaire. The rest of the participants had superior understanding of the event than myself and could offer angles on the service that one informant might not have knowledge of. The nature of self-reporting could reveal thoughts and feelings participants might not show to another person or the interviewer, which could begin to aid in drawing out differences between individuals in the collective

Wednesday, April 1, 2015

DSDN 481: Project 4

The Case Study Approach

1 - A) What are the central defining features of this approach?
The defining feature of the case study is the fact that the issue is “explored through one or more cases within a bounded system” (Creswell, 2012). The case study can be viewed as a methodology, or as a way of defining what will be studied. Creswell (2012) infers that the key element of the case study is the detailed, in-depth data collection done over time.

1 - B) What forms can a study take within this approach?
Data or material informing the case study can take on a variety of forms; including interviews, direct- and participant-observations, archival records, documents and physical artifacts.

1 - C) What are the procedures for using this approach?
The case study approach initially needs to be ensured as the most viable option for research. In order to define the case study, the researcher must decide on system boundaries as well as the types of data to collect. This data is analysed, and the case and its meaning are interpreted. This research is then considered in relation to the contextual conditions set out in the beginning.

1 - D) What are the benefits and challenges of using this approach?
Identifying the case and the system’s boundaries can be challenging. Creswell (2012) states that the researcher must establish a rationale for the sampling strategy they want to appropriate to the case, as otherwise the research can lack a defined beginning and end. The benefits are in the ability to address a particular issue that spans multiple individuals or groups. If done properly, the case study operates within a well-defined boundary, which helps refine the structure and direction of research.


2 - A) What is the question/problem to which this research approach is applied?
The case study that Kin Wai Michael uses as his approach to his article “Pleasurable Products: Public Space Furniture with Userfitness” explores the notion of public space for older persons in Hong Kong. This approach analysed the way older people used the public outdoor furniture in aspects of routine, social gatherings, exercise, and for various social and personal pleasures.

2 - B) What are the conclusions drawn from this research approach?
Kin Wai Michael and his team realised that due to the diversity of people’s lives, it is very challenging to create products with high levels of “userfitness” without having studied the day-to-day practices of the potential users. Simply making alterations to existing systems is neither sustainable nor worthwhile as a long-term design approach. Change must be made from inception.

2 - C) Based on your understanding of this research approach, how do you know this research is valid?
The research defines a specific area and boundaries, and explores with the intent of understanding an issue, as well as heavily considering the context of the research. Kin Wai Michael develops a conclusion that is adequately constrained and doesn’t try to generalise beyond its boundaries.

Bibliography
Creswell, J. (2012). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches. London: Sage.
Kin Wai Michael, S. (2005). Pleasurable products: public space furniture with userfitness. Journal Of Engineering Design, 16(6), 545-555. doi:10.1080/09544820500273383

Wednesday, March 18, 2015

DSDN 481: Project 2

Design Led Futures

Part ~ 1


EM Sniffer Dog




Dunne & Raby’s EM Sniffer Dog is the result of a project for a specific exhibition titled "Spymaker", organised by the organisation "The Science of ...". The concept revolves around outfitting dogs with the capability to detect electromagnetic frequencies (by connecting a digital device to their brains and crossing their sensory pathways) in order toguide their users to EM-free areas where their owners would not be monitored. Dunne and Raby's unique approach to the contentious issue of digital surveillance deserves praise, as it facilitates the evasion of privacy infractions through a biomechanical means. However; the project fails to touch on the ethics of the sensory remapping of a living being, as well as ignoring the potential of a purely electronic approach.


The consideration of electronic privacy invasion as well as the integration of electronics in a biological creature confronts a variety of issues. How far are we willing to go to protect our privacy? Where do we draw the line on manipulating the world around us? Where can we take the world in a design led future?


Dunne, A., & Raby, F. (2007). EM Sniffer Dog. Retrieved from http://www.dunneandraby.co.uk/img/projects/large/spymaker-0.jpg
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СВАЛЬБАРД /Svál’bard/Conterfactual Story of a Sleepless Archipelago




Lavorel's approach to transhumanism is one of retrospection. Posing the question "What if a small human society didn't need to sleep?", Lavorel explores a speculative future through a social archeological exposé on a small community from the Sixties that stopped sleeping in order to adapt to their environment. Lavorel has exceptional attention to detail and considers a large variety of aspects of this scenario in an exceedingly interesting way, analysing how time might socially progress as well as the design of spaces. A further consideration might have been to expand and project the potential effects of this on a more modern world.


The project looks at the social ramifications of "enhancements", and explores the nuances that might arise from having different parts of the brain awake at different times. What sort of behaviours could arise in a future where no one sleeps? How would our culture change and adapt to such a base-level alteration of the human condition?


Lavorel, F. (2013). СВАЛЬБАРД /Svál’bard/Conterfactual story of a sleepless archipelago. Retrieved from http://com.core77designawards.c77ad2012.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/8680/originals/4940532b66a92ef23.pdf
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Parasitic Products




Studio PSK takes a critical stance towards technology, looking at ways in which they could begin to take on a parasitic existence. This parasitic analogy is drawn to real-life parasites, and the way in which three distinct creatures parasitise on other lifeforms. These particular methods have then each been abstracted to create three different radios that work by leeching off other devices. This exploration of the interrelationship between devices and considering them as being wholly dependent on another part is a valuable critique as well as an intriguing evolution of the radio. Expanding the critique to include more technology-human parasitism would have worked in their favour.


The relationship between products is being more and more evident nowadays with the development of cross-device applications, so this progression towards actual physical dependence takes it another step forward. Whether this product-to-product dependence is ideal is up for speculation, but as a critique on our future dependence on technology it works well.


Studio PSK,. (2013). Parasitic Products. Retrieved from http://www.studiopsk.com/parasiticproducts.html
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Part ~ 2


Speculative Everything


It almost seems impossible to discuss speculative design and the accompanying process without talking about Dunne & Raby. Their book discusses the experience with coming to terms with what speculative design should be as well as where it can be useful to the broader research and development sphere. The understanding of speculative design is something that Dunne & Raby have been working very hard to proliferate and the book speaks successfully at great length about their personal forays into the topic. One shortcoming is that sometimes the designs created seem to be self-effacing and as a result don’t carry themselves very far in terms of relevance.


Ultimately the book appears to attempt a variety of investigations into the strengths that a design-led future could provide, which is exactly the angle that Design Led Futures wants to take. The speculative nature of the work that Dunne & Raby engage in constantly is an essential precedent.


Dunne, A., & Raby, F. (2013). Speculative Everything : Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
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From Speculative Nanoethics to Explorative Philosophy of Nanotechnology


Grunwald’s piece on Nanoethics explores the effectiveness of the terminology “speculative nanoethics”. It addresses the concern surrounding the exploration of it in a speculative capacity as opposed to vetting designed and scientific uses of nanotechnology. Grunwald also considers the study of the social impact and effects that nanotechnology could have. The exploration of nanoethics appears to be a fairly confusing and challenging consideration for scientists and theorists, as the applications of the technology seems broad and the desire to experiment is high, yet ethical consequences need to be taken into account. The journal would do well to elaborate on the potential ramifications of neglected nanoethics.


Ethics are a vital component of speculative research, as designs for the future need to take a broader look at the context than designs for today might. Is the context going to change? Are our ethics going to change? If so, how do we ensure that we’re taking an ethical stance when designing for a speculative future?


Grunwald, A. (2010). From speculative nanoethics to explorative philosophy of nanotechnology. Nanoethics, 4(2), 91-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11569-010-0088-5


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Future Climate Impacts on Building Design


One future consideration that ends up cropping up a lot is the environmental change that the planet is going through. This article uses building energy modeling frameworks to examine the future impact of climate change on home energy use. Using a variety of projections and algorithms allowed Schuetter and his team to simulate likely scenarios and calculate likely energy usage changes. This article takes an objective approach to the research, which is useful for making effective scientific predictions such as these. The article does as a result also fail to make any speculations outside the realm of the prediction, which limits its scope.


Scientific studies such as these are useful for creating a more grounded basis for more subjective speculation on the future. They can inform and project the constants that are still likely to form the future. This creates an effective platform to then spring more subjective speculations and designs for the future.


Schuetter, S., Debaillie, L., & Ahl, D. (2014). Future climate impacts on building design. ASHRAE Journal, 56(9), 36+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.helicon.vuw.ac.nz/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA393659738&v=2.1&u=vuw&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=69054648b98a60037d15ee297a1bd3f8


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Bibliography


Dunne, A., & Raby, F. (2007). EM Sniffer Dog. Retrieved from http://www.dunneandraby.co.uk/img/projects/large/spymaker-0.jpg


Dunne, A., & Raby, F. (2013). Speculative Everything : Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.


Grunwald, A. (2010). From speculative nanoethics to explorative philosophy of nanotechnology. Nanoethics, 4(2), 91-101. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11569-010-0088-5


Lavorel, F. (2013). СВАЛЬБАРД /Svál’bard/Conterfactual story of a sleepless archipelago. Retrieved from http://com.core77designawards.c77ad2012.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/8680/originals/4940532b66a92ef23.pdf


Schuetter, S., Debaillie, L., & Ahl, D. (2014). Future climate impacts on building design. ASHRAE Journal, 56(9), 36+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.helicon.vuw.ac.nz/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA393659738&v=2.1&u=vuw&it=r&p=AONE&sw=w&asid=69054648b98a60037d15ee297a1bd3f8


Studio PSK,. (2013). Parasitic Products. Retrieved from http://www.studiopsk.com/parasiticproducts.html